Excellent deep dive. The uevent/netlink path is one of those things every Linux developer should understand but few actually trace through.
One thing worth adding: on embedded systems (ARM SBCs, Jetson boards), hotplug behavior can be surprisingly different from x86. Some device tree overlays don't fire proper uevents, and you end up polling sysfs as a fallback. The kernel's device model assumes a level of firmware cooperation that embedded vendors don't always provide.
The kobject lifecycle diagram alone makes this worth bookmarking.
I can't help feeling that the old XKCD cartoon [1] about life satisfaction being proportional to the time since last opening xorg.conf could equally apply to udev.
For instance, I tinker with FPGA boards, and one board in particular presents both a JTAG and serial port over USB. Nothing unusual there, but while most such boards show up as /dev/ttyUSBn, but this one shows up as /dev/ttyACM0. I eventually figured out how to make the JTAG part accessible to the tools I was using, without having to be root, via a udev rule. The serial side was defeating me though - it turned out some kind of modem manager service was messing with the port, and needed to be disabled. OK, job done?
Nope.
A few days ago I updated the tools, and now access as a regular user wasn't working any more! It turns out the new version of one particular tool uses libusb, while the old version used rawhid (that last detail is no doubt why I had such trouble getting it to work in the first place) - and as such they require different entries in the udev rule. I'm getting too old for those kinds of side quest, especially now a certain search engine is much less use in solving them.
(Not naming the tools because I'm not ranting against them - just venting about the frustration caused by the excessive and seemingly opaque complexity. Having got that off my chest, I'll go read the article, in the hope that the complexity becomes a little less opaque!)
Excellent deep dive. The uevent/netlink path is one of those things every Linux developer should understand but few actually trace through.
One thing worth adding: on embedded systems (ARM SBCs, Jetson boards), hotplug behavior can be surprisingly different from x86. Some device tree overlays don't fire proper uevents, and you end up polling sysfs as a fallback. The kernel's device model assumes a level of firmware cooperation that embedded vendors don't always provide.
The kobject lifecycle diagram alone makes this worth bookmarking.
I can't help feeling that the old XKCD cartoon [1] about life satisfaction being proportional to the time since last opening xorg.conf could equally apply to udev.
For instance, I tinker with FPGA boards, and one board in particular presents both a JTAG and serial port over USB. Nothing unusual there, but while most such boards show up as /dev/ttyUSBn, but this one shows up as /dev/ttyACM0. I eventually figured out how to make the JTAG part accessible to the tools I was using, without having to be root, via a udev rule. The serial side was defeating me though - it turned out some kind of modem manager service was messing with the port, and needed to be disabled. OK, job done?
Nope.
A few days ago I updated the tools, and now access as a regular user wasn't working any more! It turns out the new version of one particular tool uses libusb, while the old version used rawhid (that last detail is no doubt why I had such trouble getting it to work in the first place) - and as such they require different entries in the udev rule. I'm getting too old for those kinds of side quest, especially now a certain search engine is much less use in solving them.
(Not naming the tools because I'm not ranting against them - just venting about the frustration caused by the excessive and seemingly opaque complexity. Having got that off my chest, I'll go read the article, in the hope that the complexity becomes a little less opaque!)
[1] https://xkcd.com/963/